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Skip to content AboutNews/In the MediaSiteman Cancer Center ranked No. 10 among U.S. cancer centersSiteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine has been named No. 10 among cancer centers nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The recognition is part of the overall ranking&＃8230;Read The Full Story Mission, Vision &＃038; History Why Siteman Diversity, Equity &＃038; Inclusion at SitemanAboutDiversity, Equity &＃038; Inclusion at SitemanLearn More Leadership Organizations Committees Partnerships Contact This is Cancer Learning With National Leaders In the News TreatmentClinicalHow Siteman is leading the way in personalized brain tumor treatmentIf you or a loved one have recently been diagnosed with a brain tumor, you likely feel a great deal of fear and have many questions. The brain is the epicenter of who we are,&＃8230;Read The Full Story Physician Directory Clinical Trials Search Patient Experience Siteman Psychology Service Survivorship Cardio-Oncology Lymphedema Surgery NCI Cancer Information A to Z Treatment Roles Cancer Types Bladder Brain Breast Cervical Childhood Cancers Colorectal Young Onset Colorectal Esophageal Gallbladder Head/Neck Kidney Leukemia Liver Lung Lymphoma Multiple Myeloma Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) Ovarian Pancreatic Prostate Sarcoma/Rare Tumors Skin Stomach Testicular Thyroid Uterine The Siteman Approach Medical Therapy Expertise in Radiation Oncology Surgery Genetics and Hereditary Cancer Cancer Imaging Immunology and Immunotherapy Pathology Patient and Family Services Specialized Programs Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapies Center Gynecologic Oncology Brain Tumor Center Sarcoma VisitingNews/In the MediaSiteman Cancer Center expands proton therapy treatmentSiteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine is expanding proton therapy for patients by adding the latest, most innovative technology to its S. Lee Kling Proton Therapy Center with the addition of&＃8230;Read The Full Story Patient and Family Services Washington University Medical Campus West County St. Charles County South County Siteman Kids at St. Louis Children’s Hospital North County Illinois Siteman Cancer Network Cancer Care Clinic Barnard Health and Cancer Information Center Pharmacies Payment Information &＃038; Assistance Patient Rights Patient Privacy PreventionPreventionSiteman explains what every woman should know about endometrial cancer risk, symptoms and screeningEndometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer for women in the United States. It also accounts for approximately 4 percent of cancer deaths in women. However, because it is usually diagnosed early, it is&＃8230;Read The Full Story Your Disease Risk® Preventing Cancer Risk Factors Screening Smoking Cessation Mammography Genetic Counseling Cancer News in Context 8IGHTWAYS® to Prevent Cancer Health Disparities Community Outreach and Engagement ResearchResearchImmunity boosting treatment enhances CAR-T cell therapy for blood cancersAdvances in cellular immunotherapy that spur genetically modified T cells to attack cancer cells have revolutionized the treatment of certain blood cancers. Six such CAR-T cell therapies are approved by the Food and Drug Administration&＃8230;Read The Full Story List of Researchers Significant Research Advances Learn About Clinical Trials Membership Information Plan to Enhance Diversity (PED) Research Programs Funding Opportunities Training &＃038; Education Shared Resources (Cores) Resources for Researchers SPORE in Pancreatic Cancer SPORE in Endometrial Cancer SPORE in Leukemia Center for Genome Integrity CliniciansNews/In the Media$5.3 million grant supports research into lung cancer recurrenceResearchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis are leading a national study aimed at identifying patients with early-stage lung cancer who are at high risk of having the cancer return, even after&＃8230;Read The Full Story Physician Services Educational Programs GiveNews/In the MediaCouple honors physician with gift for distinguished professorshipEndowment will support leader in gynecologic oncology Financial adviser Elizabeth Mannen Berges lives each day with heightened gratitude for the basic components of a meaningful life—fulfilling work, caring relationships, and a sense of purpose. A&＃8230;Read The Full Story Siteman Advancement Office Volunteering and Contributing The Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital AboutNews/In the MediaSiteman Cancer Center ranked No. 10 among U.S. cancer centersSiteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine has been named No. 10 among cancer centers nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The recognition is part of the overall ranking...Read The Full StoryAboutNews/In the MediaSiteman Cancer Center ranked No. 10 among U.S. cancer centersSiteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine has been named No. 10 among cancer centers nationally by U.S. News & World Report. The recognition is part of the overall ranking...Read The Full StoryMission, Vision & HistoryWhy SitemanDiversity, Equity &＃038; Inclusion at SitemanAboutDiversity, Equity &＃038; Inclusion at SitemanLearn MoreLeadershipOrganizationsCommitteesPartnershipsContactThis is CancerLearning With National LeadersIn the NewsTreatmentClinicalHow Siteman is leading the way in personalized brain tumor treatmentIf you or a loved one have recently been diagnosed with a brain tumor, you likely feel a great deal of fear and have many questions. The brain is the epicenter of who we are,...Read The Full StoryTreatmentClinicalHow Siteman is leading the way in personalized brain tumor treatmentIf you or a loved one have recently been diagnosed with a brain tumor, you likely feel a great deal of fear and have many questions. The brain is the epicenter of who we are,...Read The Full StoryPhysician DirectoryClinical Trials SearchPatient ExperienceSiteman Psychology ServiceSurvivorshipCardio-OncologyLymphedema SurgeryNCI Cancer Information A to ZTreatment RolesCancer TypesCancer TypesBladderBrainBreastCervicalChildhood CancersColorectalYoung Onset ColorectalEsophagealGallbladderHead/NeckKidneyLeukemiaLiverLungLymphomaMultiple MyelomaMyelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)OvarianPancreaticProstateSarcoma/Rare TumorsSkinStomachTesticularThyroidUterineThe Siteman ApproachThe Siteman ApproachMedical TherapyExpertise in Radiation OncologySurgeryGenetics and Hereditary CancerCancer ImagingImmunology and ImmunotherapyPathologyPatient and Family ServicesSpecialized ProgramsSpecialized ProgramsStem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapies CenterGynecologic OncologyBrain Tumor CenterSarcomaVisitingNews/In the MediaSiteman Cancer Center expands proton therapy treatmentSiteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine is expanding proton therapy for patients by adding the latest, most innovative technology to its S. Lee Kling Proton Therapy Center with the addition of...Read The Full StoryVisitingNews/In the MediaSiteman Cancer Center expands proton therapy treatmentSiteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine is expanding proton therapy for patients by adding the latest, most innovative technology to its S. Lee Kling Proton Therapy Center with the addition of...Read The Full StoryPatient and Family ServicesWashington University Medical CampusWest CountySt. Charles CountySouth CountySiteman Kids at St. Louis Children’s HospitalNorth CountyIllinoisSiteman Cancer NetworkCancer Care ClinicBarnard Health and Cancer Information CenterPharmaciesPayment Information &＃038; AssistancePatient RightsPatient PrivacyPreventionPreventionSiteman explains what every woman should know about endometrial cancer risk, symptoms and screeningEndometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer for women in the United States. It also accounts for approximately 4 percent of cancer deaths in women. However, because it is usually diagnosed early, it is...Read The Full StoryPreventionPreventionSiteman explains what every woman should know about endometrial cancer risk, symptoms and screeningEndometrial cancer is the fourth most common cancer for women in the United States. It also accounts for approximately 4 percent of cancer deaths in women. However, because it is usually diagnosed early, it is...Read The Full StoryYour Disease Risk®Preventing CancerRisk FactorsScreeningSmoking CessationMammographyGenetic CounselingCancer News in Context8IGHTWAYS® to Prevent CancerHealth DisparitiesCommunity Outreach and EngagementResearchResearchImmunity boosting treatment enhances CAR-T cell therapy for blood cancersAdvances in cellular immunotherapy that spur genetically modified T cells to attack cancer cells have revolutionized the treatment of certain blood cancers. Six such CAR-T cell therapies are approved by the Food and Drug Administration...Read The Full StoryResearchResearchImmunity boosting treatment enhances CAR-T cell therapy for blood cancersAdvances in cellular immunotherapy that spur genetically modified T cells to attack cancer cells have revolutionized the treatment of certain blood cancers. Six such CAR-T cell therapies are approved by the Food and Drug Administration...Read The Full StoryList of ResearchersSignificant Research AdvancesLearn About Clinical TrialsMembership InformationPlan to Enhance Diversity (PED)Research ProgramsFunding OpportunitiesTraining &＃038; EducationShared Resources (Cores)Resources for ResearchersSPORE in Pancreatic CancerSPORE in Endometrial CancerSPORE in LeukemiaCenter for Genome IntegrityCliniciansNews/In the Media$5.3 million grant supports research into lung cancer recurrenceResearchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis are leading a national study aimed at identifying patients with early-stage lung cancer who are at high risk of having the cancer return, even after...Read The Full StoryCliniciansNews/In the Media$5.3 million grant supports research into lung cancer recurrenceResearchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis are leading a national study aimed at identifying patients with early-stage lung cancer who are at high risk of having the cancer return, even after...Read The Full StoryPhysician ServicesEducational ProgramsGiveNews/In the MediaCouple honors physician with gift for distinguished professorshipEndowment will support leader in gynecologic oncology Financial adviser Elizabeth Mannen Berges lives each day with heightened gratitude for the basic components of a meaningful life—fulfilling work, caring relationships, and a sense of purpose. A...Read The Full StoryGiveNews/In the MediaCouple honors physician with gift for distinguished professorshipEndowment will support leader in gynecologic oncology Financial adviser Elizabeth Mannen Berges lives each day with heightened gratitude for the basic components of a meaningful life—fulfilling work, caring relationships, and a sense of purpose. A...Read The Full StorySiteman Advancement OfficeVolunteering and ContributingThe Foundation for Barnes-Jewish Hospital Request an Appointment Request an Appointment For help choosing a doctor or making an appointment, please complete our form or call us directly. (800) 600-3606 I am a: Patient / New Patient Caregiver Physician Menu Brain Tumor Types Brain Tumor Types Brain Metastasis Glioblastoma Other Glioma Meningiomas Pediatric Brain Tumors The Pituitary Center Acoustic Neuroma What's on this page Multi-disciplinary team Precision technologies What are the different types of pituitary tumor? What are the symptoms of pituitary tumors? Risk factors for pituitary tumors Treatment for pituitary tumors What clinical trials does the Pituitary Center offer? | Treatment | Cancer Types | Brain Tumor Center | Brain Tumor Types | The Pituitary Center The Pituitary Center The pituitary gland sits behind the nose at the base of the brain. It is thought of as the command center for the body’s endocrine or hormone system. It stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone, the adrenal glands to produce cortisol (or “stress hormone”), and the gonads to produce sex hormones. These hormones all help the body grow during childhood and keep it running smoothly in adulthood. The North American Skull Base Society has designated Washington University as a Multidisciplinary Team of Distinction. When tumors develop in the pituitary gland, patients may experience problems, including changes in their peripheral vision and hormonal problems. The Pituitary Center at the Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes Jewish-Hospital, part of the Benign Brain Tumor Program at Siteman Cancer Center, provides exceptional care for patients with pituitary tumors. Founded in 2010, it is the first multidisciplinary center in the region dedicated to diagnosing and treating this condition. Our team offers surgical and non-surgical solutions, using advanced technologies that make it easier to remove tumors while sparing healthy tissues. Pituitary tumors are almost always benign, which means that they aren’t considered a form of cancer. Most patients with pituitary tumors can hope to make a full recovery. Multidisciplinary team Patients who come to the Pituitary Center will be seen by Washington University Physicians who specialize in the treatment of pituitary disease and related conditions. They will identify your tumor correctly and develop a personalized treatment plan for you. The Pituitary Center is directed by Albert H. Kim, MD, PhD and Julie Silverstein, MD. Our specialists include neurosurgeons, otolaryngologists, ENT surgeons, endocrinologists, radiation oncologists, and ophthalmologists. Precision technologies At Siteman Cancer Center, patients with pituitary tumors requiring surgery and/or radiation are treated using advanced, precise tools that allow for safer and more effective tumor removal, including: Intraoperative MRI: An intraoperative MRI is an MRI scan conducted during a surgical procedure. This helps surgeons remove tumors more completely. Siteman was the first facility in the St. Louis region to have an intraoperative MRI, and Washington University neurosurgeons have the most extensive experience in the nation with using this technology. Gamma Knife: Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery is a form of radiation therapy that can replace surgery in certain cases. Often completed in a single session, the Gamma Knife procedure eliminates tumors by inducing ongoing cell death. Proton beam radiation therapy: During proton beam therapy, a tumor is hit with a single stream of protons. Unlike other forms of radiation therapy, the proton beam can be adjusted to stop at a specific depth, which reduces damage to tissues surrounding the tumor. Siteman was the first institution in the region to offer proton beam technology. What are the different types of pituitary tumor? Pituitary adenomas Most patients with a pituitary tumor have a pituitary adenoma, which is a very common brain tumor and is estimated to affect 1 in 6 people. “Adenoma” is another term for a benign tumor that occurs on a gland. Pituitary adenomas are further classified as either “functioning” or “non-functioning.” Functioning pituitary adenomas release hormones, such as prolactin, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), growth hormone, or TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). This can lead to a number of conditions, depending on the particular hormones involved. Tumors that secrete an excess of growth hormone, for instance, cause patients to develop acromegaly. Tumors that release ACTH and cause the adrenal glands to produce too much cortisol lead to Cushing’s disease. Prolactinomas, or tumors that secrete prolactin, are the most common type of functioning adenoma. Tumors that produce TSH are rare but are a cause of hyperthyroidism or overactive thyroid. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas do not produce hormones, but can cause symptoms related to the mass of the tumor. Other types of pituitary tumors Craniopharyngioma: These rare, benign tumors that occur near the pituitary gland or its stalk. They can occur in children and adults. Rathke’s cleft cyst: A Rathke’s cleft cyst occurs between the anterior and posterior segments of the pituitary gland. It develops when these two segments do not close properly during fetal development. Rathke’s cleft cysts are benign and occur less frequently than pituitary adenomas. They can cause issues if they grow and push into nearby structures. Pituitary cancer: In very rare cases, pituitary tumors can become malignant and metastasize to other parts of the body. If you are diagnosed with pituitary cancer, the multidisciplinary team will also include Washington University oncologists at Siteman Cancer Center to provide specialized care. What are the symptoms of pituitary tumors? Pituitary tumors can cause a variety of symptoms, and many patients are aware that something is wrong. The symptoms are produced by the mass of the tumor pushing against the normal parts of the pituitary gland and other nearby brain structures, and by the excess hormones the tumor secretes. Symptoms caused by the tumor itself include: Headaches Loss of peripheral vision or loss of vision in one or both eyes Double vision Nausea/vomiting Pain or numbness in the face Patients experiencing an excessive amount of growth hormone, or acromegaly, may observe: Gradual growth of the hands, feet, skull, and facial bones Pain in the joints Sweating Heart problems, including high blood pressure New or worsening issues with vision Sleep apnea Diabetes Patients with Cushing’s disease, or abnormal levels of cortisol, often experience: Weight gain, especially in the face and abdomen Facial swelling High blood pressure Diabetes Changes in the menstrual cycle Low testosterone Depression or other emotional changes Muscle weakness and easy bruising Osteoporosis Patients with a prolactinoma, or prolactin-secreting tumor, may experience: Nipple discharge Breast tissue growth, if male Low testosterone Sexual dysfunction Irregular periods Infertility If the tumor prevents the pituitary from producing enough hormones, patients may develop: Symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, weight gain, irregular periods Symptoms of adrenal insufficiency, such as decreased appetite, weight loss, nausea and vomiting Symptoms related to low sex hormones, such as low sex drive, erectile dysfunction and infertility in men and irregular or lack of periods, and infertility in women In some cases, patients may not experience any symptoms at all and only learn that they have a pituitary tumor after undergoing imaging for a different reason. Risk factors for pituitary tumors There is no specific profile for a pituitary tumor patient. They can occur in people of all ages, although they are more common in younger patients. Treatment for pituitary tumors Even though pituitary tumors are benign, they can still require complex treatment plans. Many patients, especially those experiencing symptoms, will need to have their tumors removed through surgery. Some patients may also require high-dose radiation therapy. In addition, if the tumor is producing hormones or causing low hormone levels, the patient will need additional care to manage any conditions caused by the hormonal imbalance. Tumors that secrete prolactin (or prolactinomas) are treated differently than other forms of pituitary tumors. Instead of removing them surgically, physicians often try to manage them with medications first. If your tumor is not causing any symptoms, your care team may recommend “active surveillance” instead of active treatment. Active surveillance involves regular follow-up visits and scans to monitor the tumor and to make sure it isn’t growing. Surgery for pituitary tumors If the pituitary tumor is causing symptoms and is not a prolactinoma, it will first be treated with surgery.  Because the pituitary gland is located behind the nose, many tumors can be removed through the nasal passages. This is called a “transsphenoidal procedure,” or “endoscopic endonasal surgery.” During the operation, your Washington University surgeons may use MRI scans to visualize their progress and ensure that they have removed as much of the tumor as possible. The recovery time for a transsphenoidal procedure is usually fairly short. Patients remain in the hospital for one to three days before going home. Several complications can be associated with pituitary tumor removal, but all of them can be treated. Hyponatremia, or low levels of blood sodium, occurs in up to 30% of patients who undergo surgery. To prevent hyponatremia, your care team will monitor your fluid intake after the operation. You will also be monitored for the development of diabetes insipidus which causes increased urination and thirst and occurs if there has been disruption of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) production from the pituitary gland. After you are discharged, your pituitary care team will follow up with you to make sure that you are recovering well. Radiation therapy for pituitary tumors In some cases, patients are given radiation therapy to shrink or eliminate pituitary tumors. Your care team may recommend radiation therapy if the entire tumor could not be removed surgically, or if you have other health conditions that might complicate surgery or recovery. At Siteman Cancer Center, pituitary tumor patients may be treated with sophisticated tools that deliver high doses of radiation directly to the tumor, minimizing the impact to the brain and spinal region. Learn more about radiation therapy at Siteman. Medications for pituitary tumors Pituitary tumors may be treated with medications if they are secreting hormones. A good example of this is prolactin-secreting adenomas, which can be effectively treated with dopamine receptor agonist therapy. Sometimes, patients will receive medication if the entire tumor could not be removed during surgery. These medications aren’t traditional chemotherapies. They are usually given as injections or pills. They are tailored to the hormones involved. Medications are also used to treat patients with low hormone levels. Will my pituitary tumor come back after treatment? It largely depends on the type of tumor you have. Tumors associated with Cushing’s disease, for instance, have a high rate of recurrence. Other types of pituitary tumor do not. Regardless of your tumor type, your care team will continue to monitor you in the years following treatment to check for any signs of new tumor growth. If the tumor does return, your team will design a new treatment plan. What clinical trials does the Pituitary Center offer? The Washington University Physicians affiliated with the Pituitary Center are working constantly to improve care and outcomes for patients with pituitary tumors. Our investigators are exploring new medical therapies for Cushing’s disease and acromegaly, as well as new approaches to managing complications in surgical patients. One trial ongoing at the Pituitary Center seeks to prevent hyponatremia, or low blood sodium, in patients who have recently undergone surgery to remove their pituitary tumors. Hyponatremia, when severe, can cause headaches, nausea/vomiting, and seizures. The trial examines whether restricting patients’ fluid intake decreases their chances of developing hyponatremia. 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